Aeneid and Antigone
Sunday, April 30th, 2006The principles of leadership in the Greek Society involved a concept
known as ar’te, which served as a basic depiction of masculinity in
back then. Given the profoundly gender defined society that existed in
Greece, it is not surprising that the qualities of a strong leader
mirror those of an upstanding male. Ar’te basically contains four
parts–courage, honor, virtue, and manliness. The first of these
qualities, courage, deals with a person’s ability to stand up to
danger or trying circumstances. While courage finds its most
prominent display on the battlefield, facing up to difficult
leadership decisions can also be a method of showing courage. Honor,
a key part of ar’te, can be obtained by honoring the gods, thus
staying on their favorable side. By serving one’s community and
state, one may also earn honor through either humble or glorified
service. Virtue, perhaps the most interesting of the ar’te
qualifications, has nothing to do with the modern definition of virtue
which one might compare to morality, but rather involves looking out
for the best interest of one’s state. Finally, manliness served as a
key qualification of leadership in Greek society. In the very
patriarchal Greek society, it is not surprising that manliness would
be found as a qualification for an effective leader.
Honor, as the second aspect of ar’te, can best be seen by observing
how the characters honor the gods. Clearly, Aeneas and Antigone prove
honorable before the gods as they give up personal comforts or
pleasures for the desires of the gods. Aeneas shows himself to be
more honorable than Antigone, however, as his sacrifice lives purely
in the desire to follow his destiny set forth by the gods. Despite
his great love for Dido, he almost immediately surrenders his every
desire for her in order to follow his destiny to Rome. In his defense
for leaving to Dido, Aeneas says, ‘Apollo orders, and his oracles Call
me to Italy. There is my love, There is my country’ I follow Italy not
because I want to Aeneas’ loyalty to his destiny despite his wanting
to stay with Dido shows his honor. Antigone displays almost
equal honor as she follows what she knows to be the
will of the gods in providing burial for Polynices.
Tiresias confirms her honoring of the gods as he proclaims their judgment over the
actions of Creon. Her motives, however, lack in purity, as she finds
herself somewhat driven by the selfish desire to be united with her
dead relatives. Though her primary purpose seems to be pleasing the
gods, her secondary motive makes her honor slightly less impressive
than that of Aeneas. In contrast with Aeneas and Antigone, Creon
seems at least on the surface to fail miserably in honoring the gods
as they leave him in torment with his wife and son dead as a result of
his misdeeds, but he salvages some honor though his initial desire to
please the gods of the city. He believes that the polis gods would
never have a traitor honored in the same respect as a hero, and though
his belief is incorrect, he gains honor from doing his best to look
out for what he believes to be in the best interest of the polis. As
to Dido, the edict of the gods that she fall madly in love with Aeneas
skews Dido’s honoring of the gods because their command alters her
life most dramatically. Her position of honoring the gods becomes
somewhat confusing as she follows their will by loving Aeneas, yet in
loving Aeneas, she wishes the destiny set forth by the gods for him
altered. Her torn state leaves her lacking in the essential
leadership honor displayed by the other three characters.
Throughout both the Aeneid and Antigone, the characters of Aeneas,
Dido, Antigone, and Creon step forth as true leaders in their various
contexts, but in accordance with both Greek and Roman standards of
leadership, Aeneas rises above the rest as the strongest, most
effective leader. While Antigone emerges from the pack as an almost
equal rival by Greek standards, Aeneas′ qualities of courage, honor,
virtue, and manliness make him an incredible Greek leader, while his
excellent portrayal of the stoic Roman leader, in harmony with his own
nature places him clearly ahead of the other characters in Roman
leadership effectiveness. Gender clearly plays a prominent role in
the characterizing of a strong leader, thus Aeneas shines forth as the
most effective leader while Antigone remains constrained by society’s
gender bias.
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